DEDICATION

This endeavor is dedicated to:

Jin Young "The China Boxer"

We travel similar paths, my brother. 

Thank you for sharing your knowledge with the world. 

In gratitude, I wish to share what I have learned with you.

The exchange of knowledge in a spirit of peace and openness unites the Wulin Brotherhood.

We are all teachers.
We are all students.
We are all seekers.

A Personal Note to Jin Young

Greetings,

It seems we have asked the same questions and found similar answers. We've encountered the same issues and found similar solutions. We've experimented with the same phenomena and arrived at similar conclusions. We may utilize different processes and methods, but we achieve remarkably similar results. 

At this stage, it's difficult to identify the existence of any genuine conflict of viewpoints in our respective understandings. Regardless, only you can determine what works best for you. Conversely, I can determine only what works for me. Hopefully, you will find something of value and use in this work.

Those things you've done in the past have been interesting and informative. It's interesting and informative to see what you're doing now. It will be most interesting to see where you go from here. 

May you find success in all you do.

Peace, Openness, & Brotherhood,

武 林 家

INTRODUCTION

How does a physically insubstantial person effortlessly defeat a seemingly physically superior foe?

That is the great mystery. Is it not? We're all familiar with the scenario. Most practitioners commonly encounter this situation, if not in actual combat, then at least in training.

At some point, we all encounter an adversary or training partner who is larger, stronger, or faster. As young, strong, and healthy individuals, we tend to train harder in an attempt to increase our athleticism. We study more diligently to increase our ever-expanding collection of "techniques". We look to multiple disciplines, systems, styles, anatomy, geometry, trigonometry, physics, structural engineering, psychology, philosophy, and many other domains of knowledge in our seemingly endless quest to solve this one common riddle.

Generally, we find partial answers from a wide range of various sources and we integrate each little piece into our expansive body of knowledge. We find ourselves constantly collecting little pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and fitting them together in an attempt to see the whole picture. Eventually, we learn that nearly everyone possesses pieces of the puzzle, but it seems that nobody has managed to collect all the pieces. It seems that nobody perceives the whole picture. It seems that nobody can genuinely answer this one basic question.

As time, injury, and entropy deteriorates our aging bodies, the issue becomes increasingly more urgent. At this point in our lives, it becomes undeniably obvious that we can not continue to rely on athleticism or our ability to "muscle" our way to victory indefinitely. So, what are we to do?

There must be an answer, right? Something deep inside our consciousness insists there must be an answer. We only need to find it.

Rest assured, my friend. There are no true secrets in the Martial Arts. All is hidden in plain sight.

So, let us continue on our journey. We shall travel the same path side by side as brothers. Perhaps together, we can find the solution.

"When a student is ready, the teacher appears."

OVERVIEW

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS

Classical Chinese Martial Arts are primarily founded on scientific principles. These scientific principles integrated with Buddhist and Daoist thought processes, philosophy, spiritual truths, and values. The result of this integration comprises the complete body of philosophical and scientific principles of Classical Chinese Martial Arts as we know them today.

AXIOMS

Typically, the wisdom of these principles has been transmitted from generation to generation in the form of axioms. At first, many of these axioms seem simple to comprehend and their meanings seem quite obvious. However, these axioms are incredibly profound. They function on many different levels of understanding. Consequently, they apply to many other domains of knowledge and human endeavors.

VALUES

At this point and for the purpose this discourse, our primary interest should focus on values expressed by certain axioms. Specifically, the values of:

• economy of movement.
• efficiency of movement.
• effectiveness of movement.

MINIMAL INPUT YIELDING MAXIMUM OUTPUT

On a journey toward genuine mastery of skill in relation to these values, our intent and training should always focus on achieving maximum effect utilizing minimum effort. We should always strive to expend as little energy, effort, pressure, force, and strength as necessary to successfully accomplish any task. Simply stated, we desire minimal input yielding maximum output.

ULTIMATE GOAL

The ultimate goal being implementation of nearly effortless movement to generate pressure and transfer a massive amount of force at will.

To accomplish such a goal demands a profound understanding of certain fundamental principles concerning structure, movement, pressure, force, mass, acceleration, balance, stability, flexibility, leverage, technique, and form.

SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

Even a cursory scientific analysis requires a fundamental understanding of multiple disciplines or domains of knowledge. It is imperative to possess a certain level of competency concerning the subjects of anatomy, physiology, pathology, kinesiology, geometry, physics, architectural design, structural engineering, and structural integrity. Additionally, it is necessary for each individual to personally experiment with all methods presented in this treatise in order to truly comprehend and test the validity of each method.

"Let what works be the judge for what's right."

MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF KEY CONCEPTS

Words and language are nothing more than tools for communication. Words function to communicate information. Typically, information is embodied by some intellectual construct. These constructs may be principles, concepts, ideas, thoughts, physical sensations, or emotions. 

Regardless of the type or form information takes, any meaningful communication requires a mutual understanding concerning the precise meaning of important key terms. Without mutual definitions of certain words crucial information is lost and miscommunication occurs. In order to avoid miscommunication, it is essential that we possess a mutual understanding of a some key concepts. 

• Principle is an intellectual construct or concept. A principle may be classified as philosophical, scientific, or both in nature. Principles are intended to be used in combat. Once a practitioner gains a profound understanding of the principle, it must be applied to structure and movement. It must never be discarded.

• Principles embody the knowledge and wisdom of precisely what we are doing and precisely why we are doing it.

• Technique is the implementation or application of principle to the execution of structure and movement. Technique is intended to be used in combat. Once a practitioner gains a profound understanding of technique, it must be implemented and must never be discarded.

• Technique is the principle in action. It is the expression of the principle through structure and movement. It is the practical application of principle in actual use.

• Technique embodies the knowledge and wisdom of precisely how to use principles in regard to structure and movement.

• Method is a specific step-by-step process of executing technique. The purpose of any method is to communicate a fundamental understanding of technique. Any method is only one of many possible applications of a principle to the execution of structure or movement. 

• It is intended only as an example to familiarize a practitioner with a specific principle and how to implement or apply that principle. The goal being to understand the principle (what we are doing and why we are doing it). Every method is only an example used as an instructional tool for teaching and learning. 

• The method itself is not intended for use in combat. However, the underlying principle and technique are intended to be used in combat. Once a practitioner gains a profound understanding of implementation or application of the principle, the method has served its purpose and must be discarded.

• Form is an idealized representation of structure frozen in one moment of time. It is little more than a pose. It is only an ideal example used as an instructional tool for communicating principle underlying ideal structure. 

• It is static not dynamic. It is idealistic not realistic. It is not intended for use in combat. Once a practitioner gains a profound understanding of the principle underlying the structure of the form, the form has served its purpose and must be discarded.

• Routines are instructional tools for communicating principles of movement and structure. They're intended only as a starting point to familiarize a practitioner with specific methods of transitioning from one pose to the next in a continuous series. 

• The routines, forms, and methods themselves are not intended for use in combat. However, the underlying principle and technique are intended to be used in combat. Once a practitioner gains a profound understanding of the principles underlying movement, the routine has served its purpose and must be discarded.

Many practitioners use these terms interchangeably. This is not only incorrect, it's unacceptable. Each term possesses a precise and distinct meaning. These terms must be utilized concisely. Failure to do so results in a lack of proper communication and understanding.

• Routines are not a collection of prearranged technique. Routines are a collection of prearranged methods and forms. Routines are a tool for teaching and learning about movement.

• Form is not technique. Form addresses an idealized principle of structure. Form is not structure. Form is a tool for teaching and learning about structure.

• Method is not technique. Method is one specific application of technique. Methods are tools for teaching and learning about technique.

• Method, form, and routine are tools, nothing more. They are of little use or value, except as demonstrational teaching tools. They have no practical application beyond a function as educational tools. They have nothing to do with actual combat.

• Technique is not "techniques"! Technique is not a specific way of performing movement. Those are methods. Technique is not a technically perfect structure. That is form. Technique is not a series of movements.Those are routines. All these things are tools. Technique is not a tool. 

• Technique is the manifestation of principle. Technique is the expression of principle through structure and movement. Technique is the actual application of principle. Technique is the execution of principle. Technique is executed in structure and movement.

PRINCIPLE AND TECHNIQUE

There is only principle and technique, concept and execution, intent and action, structure and movement, pressure and force, cause and effect, why and how. Nothing else is of much practical relevance or use in actual combat. All else is nonsense.

So long as we successfully implement principle in the execution of structure and movement, nothing else matters. That is mastery of technique. The precise shape and form our body adopts in the process is irrelevant, if we adhere to the principles. The precise method we employ in the process is irrelevant, if we adhere to the principles. The secret lies in knowing which principle to apply in any given circumstance or moment.

Many practitioners fail to achieve this level of profound understanding. Most confuse technique with technically perfect form. Others confuse technique with technically perfect method. Some confuse technique with technically perfect form executed with technically perfect method.

Consequently, such practitioners focus entirely on mastery of the "how" (technique) and neglect the "why" (principle). True mastery of the "how" can only be attained after mastery of the "why". To make matters worse, they fail understand that method, form, and routine are not technique.

Subsequently, they're not even focusing on the correct "how". At best, this results in mastery of technically perfect dancing. At worst, this results in mastery of technically perfect physical activity.

GENUINE MASTERY OF THE ART

A genuine Master of the Art possesses mastery of both the "why" (principle) and the "how" (technique). Profound understanding of the "why" without the "how" produces a philosopher. Profound understanding of the "how" without the "why" produces a dancer. Only when we possess a profound understanding of the complete science (prinicple and technique / why and how) are we able to use that knowledge in a creative manner to become an authentic Master of the Art.

STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT

STRUCTURE

For our purposes, the term "structure" refers to a principle or concept. Structure may refer to either physical structure or mental structure or both simultaneously. At this point, we shall focus on physical structure. Mental structure will be discussed later.

PROPER PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT

At this point and for the purpose of this discussion, our primary interest should focus on a profound understanding of certain principles in relation to:

• proper physical structure,
• proper physical movement.

PROPER PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

Proper physical structure refers to the anatomically correct alignment of the human skeletal system. In order to achieve anatomically correct alignment of the human skeletal system, we must understand the correct structure, function, and integration of:

• the human skeletal system,
• the joints in the human skeletal system,
• the human musculature system,
• the human nervous system.

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

Understanding the principles of proper physical structure is necessary in order to create and maintain structural integrity. Structural integrity is achieved though anatomically correct alignment of the human skeletal system. This is the first fundamental requirement for understanding the principles of proper physical movement.

Due to the anatomically integrated design of the human skeletal-muscular system, the physical structure of our body is engineered to support itself naturally and nearly effortlessly. Establishing correct alignment of the human skeletal system upon any firm foundation allows for nearly complete relaxation of all muscle tissue. This results in eliminating all unnecessary pressure and tension on the human skeletal system and its joints.

Consequently, the human body as a whole is exceptionally capable of efficiently, effectively, and nearly effortlessly balancing or generating massive amounts of pressure while remaining relaxed, flexible, and mobile. The human body is anatomically engineered to naturally perform movement efficiently, effectively, and nearly effortlessly while managing tremendous amounts of force. The key to doing so lies in proper understanding and implementation of anatomically correct alignment of the human skeletal system integrated with proper methods of executing motion.

PRINCIPLES OF PROPER PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

Nothing is more fundamentally important than structure! Structure is of paramount importance! Structure is the foundation upon which all other skills are built! Without proper structure, we have essentially nothing and all our other tools or skills will be of extremely limited use.

In order to establish proper physical structure as a means of achieving our ultimate goal, we require:

• a proper foundation,
• correct alignment of the human skeletal system,
• nearly complete relaxation of all muscle tissue,
• open, flexible, and mobile joints.

PRINCIPLES OF A PROPER FOUNDATION

Every architect or structural engineer understands the importance of erecting any structure upon a proper foundation. All else being equal, a structure anchored to a foundation of stone or concrete possesses greater structural integrity than the same structure erected on sand. As human beings and for the purpose of this dissertation, the earth serves as our foundation.

Precisely how to properly anchor our physical structure to a foundation will be discussed, in detail, later. First, we must discover how to establish a proper physical structure. Then we shall discover how to properly anchor it.

CONCLUSION

With a profound understanding concerning these fundamental principles of structure, we can proceed toward learning about the proper anatomical structure and function of our physical structural framework.

---

   John Connor: You know what you're doing?
The Terminator: I have detailed files on human anatomy.
  Sarah Connor: I'll bet. Makes you a more efficient killer, right?
The Terminator: Correct.

---

HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

The human skeletal system is the internal structural framework of our body. At birth, it is composed of approximately 270 bones. This total decreases to approximately 206 bones by adulthood after certain bones fuse together. The precise number of vertebrae differs from human to human as the two lower sections, sacral and coccygeal, may vary in length.

FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

The human skeletal system serves six major functions. For the purpose of our dialogue, the three most important functions are:

• structural support,
• facilitation of movement,
• protection of major organs.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

The human skeletal system functions to provide a fundamental structural framework. This structural framework supports the entire body and maintains its shape. All internal organs, musculature, and other tissue are attached, directly or indirectly, to the fundamental structural framework of the human skeletal system.

FACILITATION OF MOVEMENT

The human skeletal system functions to make locomotion possible. Joints between bones are connected by ligaments that allow for movement of the structural framework itself. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones via tendons. Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons provide the principal mechanics for movement, which is coordinated by the nervous system.

PROTECTION OF MAJOR ORGANS

The human skeletal system functions to protect many vital internal organs, joints, musculature, nerves, and other tissue from damage.

• The cranium protects the brain, the eyes, the middle ears, and inner ears.
• The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
• The clavicle and scapula protect the shoulder joint.
• The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart, and major blood vessels.
• The ilium and spine protect the hip joint, digestive organs, and urogenital organs.
• The patella and the ulna protect the knee and the elbow joints respectively.
• The carpals and tarsals protect the wrist and ankle joints respectively.

CONCLUSION

With a profound understanding concerning the fundamental anatomical structure and function of our physical structural framework, we can proceed toward learning about the the fundamental anatomical structure and function of our vertebral column.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The human vertebral column is commonly referred to as the backbone or spine. For the purpose of understanding proper anatomical alignment in relation to proper physical structure required for efficient execution of movement, the human vertebral column is the single most important anatomical structure. If we wish to gain any genuine comprehension of proper skeletal alignment, an adequate knowledge of the human vertebral column, it's anatomical structure, and how it functions is imperative.

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The human vertebral column consists of approximately 33 vertebrae. These are divided into different regions, which correspond to the curves of the spinal column. These regions are called:

• Cervical, 
• Thoracic, 
• Lumbar, 
• Sacrum,
• Coccyx. 

The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the cervical region rarely changes.

INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRA

The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sections are independent articulating bones. The vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently. Two special vertebrae are the atlas and axis, on which the cranium rests.

A typical vertebra consists of two parts: the vertebral body (anterior) and the vertebral arch (posterior). Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.

Above and below each vertebra are Zygapophyseal joints. These joints restrict the range of possible movement. In between each pair of vertebrae are two small holes called intervertebral foramina. Spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord and extend into the body through these holes.

Individual vertebra are named according to their region and position. From top to bottom, the vertebrae are:

• Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1–C7)
• Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1–T12)
• Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1–L5)
• Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)
• Coccyx: 4 (3–5) (fused) vertebrae (tail bone)

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

Intervertebral discs are located between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint. These joints allow for slight movement of individual vertebra and act as a ligament binding vertebrae together. Their function as shock absorbers in the human vertebral column is crucial.

STRUCTURE OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for the first cervical segment, the atlas. The atlas is a ring around the roughly cone-shaped extension of the axis (second cervical segment). The axis acts as a post around which the atlas can rotate, allowing the neck to swivel.

There are 23 discs in the human vertebral column:

• Cervical: 6 in the neck,
• Thoracic:12 in the middle back,
• Lumbar: 5 in the lower back.

FUNCTION OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

The intervertebral discs function to separate individual vertebra from each other. Intervertebral discs serve as a shock-absorbing surface. Each disc functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressive loads. The segmented structure of the human vertebral column causes intervertebral discs to function as a hydraulic chain. Intervertebral discs degenerate with age.

FOUR CURVATURES OF THE HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The four curvatures of the human vertebral column consist of the:

• convex cervical curvature
• concave thoracic curvature
• convex lumbar curvature
• concave sacral curvature

CONVEX CERVICAL CURVATURE

Generally, the cervical vertebrae exhibit a convex curvature to the anterior. This curvature begins at the second cervical vertebra and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra. This is the least marked of the four curves.

CONCAVE THORACIC CURVATURE

Generally, the thoracic vertebrae exhibit a concave curvature to the anterior. This curvature begins at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. This curve is known as a kyphotic curve.

CONVEX LUMBAR CURVATURE

Generally, the lumbar vertebrae exhibit a convex curvature to the anterior. This curvature begins at the middle of the last thoracic vertebra and ends at the sacrovertebral angle. The convexity of the lower three vertebrae are much greater than that of the upper two. This is described as a lordotic curve. Typically, the lumbar curve is more marked in females than in males.

CONCAVE SACRAL CURVATURE

Generally, the sacral vertebrae exhibit a concave curvature to the anterior. This curvature begins at the sacrovertebral articulation and ends at the termination point of the coccyx. Its concavity is directed downward and forward.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE FOUR CURVATURES OF THE HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

It's absolutely imperative to note the thoracic and sacral curves are primary curves! They are present in fetal development. The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory and develop after birth! The cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head, at approximately three or four months of age, and to sit upright, at approximately nine months of age. The lumbar curve forms when the child begins to walk, at approximately twelve to eighteen months of age.

SINGLE GREATEST KEY TO PROPER PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

This means that concave curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior is the result of natural anatomically correct structural design! Conversely, convex curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior is the result of developmental pathology! This is the single greatest key to unlocking the mystery of proper structure! Understanding this provides a scientific answer to the question of how to properly achieve anatomically correct alignment of our physical structure as a means to facilitate effective, efficient, and nearly effortless movement!

Anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column is the primary key to proper physical structure. It's the primary key to nearly effortless movement, balancing pressure, generating force, increased acceleration, improved stability, greater flexibility, gaining leverage, and authentic mastery of technique. It's the primary key to dominating a physically larger and stronger adversary.

Genuine understanding of this key is the first step toward reliance on superior technique rather than athleticism and brute force. It's the first step to refrain from struggling with or "muscling" an opponent. It's the first step toward flowing with the winds of his hatred and leading him to the very destruction he seeks. It's the first step toward graceful and elegant movement in the midst of violent conflict. It's the first step toward truly dancing harmoniously with an assailant.

ANATOMICALLY CORRECT ALIGNMENT OF THE HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The most common error among practitioners of various martial arts is an assumption that to achieve anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column results in flattening out, both convex and concave, curvatures into a straight vertical line. While this certainly yields significant improvement of structural integrity by eliminating the pathological convex curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior, it is not anatomically correct. Straightening the spine may be considered correct posture socially or culturally, but it is incorrect anatomically. Anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column creates a general concave curvature to the anterior!

Notice that concave curvature of Lee's vertebral column to the anterior and the pelvic tilt.

SUPERIORITY OF CONCAVE VERTEBRAL CURVATURE

By eliminating only the two developmentally pathological convex curvatures of the cervical and lumber vertebrae, the human vertebral column creates a general concave arc from cranium to coccyx. A cursory study of architectural engineering will confirm that, all else being equal, a geometric arc or arch possesses greater structural integrity than a straight column or beam. A brief study of physics will also confirm that, all else being equal, a sphere possesses greater structural integrity than a cube. Even simple logic suggests that, when directly facing an adversary or an incoming force, a concave curvature of the human vertebral column is preferable. This theory is easily tested and confirmed by experience.

Anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column.

ADVANTAGES OF CONCAVE VERTEBRAL CURVATURE

The immediate and direct advantages of concave vertebral curvature are:

• increased structural integrity,
• elimination of unnecessary muscle tension,
• elimination of unnecessary pressure on vertebrae,
• elimination of unnecessary pressure on intervertebral discs,
• proper protective positioning of cranium, eyes, and nose,
• proper protective positioning of cervical-cranial joint, mandible, and esophagus,
• proper protective positioning of shoulders,
• proper protective positioning of thorax,
• proper protective positioning of elbows,
• proper protective positioning of abdomen,
• proper protective positioning and support of internal organs,
• proper protective positioning of pelvis,
• proper protective positioning of knee joints,
• prevents knee joints from improper locking,
• allows for proper balance,
• allows for rapid and nearly effortless transfer of weight,
• allows for rapid and nearly effortless movement of limbs.

Implementation of concave vertebral curvature results in a multitude of indirect or secondary advantages as a consequence of the direct and primary advantages listed above. Generally, adopting such a posture will improve mobility, flexibility, ability to manage external physical pressure, ability to generate pressure, ability to reduce injury, and increase speed of movement. Additionally, implementation of concave vertebral curvature can, over time, result in numerous long term health benefits.

UNIQUE STRUCTURAL QUALITIES AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN VERTEBRAL BRIDGE

The human vertebral column possesses rather unique structural qualities. Unlike any other bones of the human skeletal system, the human vertebral column is not a single unit. The physical structure of the human vertebral column is segmented. The physical structure of the human vertebral column is not a straight solitary unit like the major bones of our limbs, such as the tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus.

The human vertebral column features unique structural qualities, because it is anatomically designed for a unique and specific purpose. The human vertebral column functions differently from other bones of the human skeletal system. Furthermore, we must not be deceived by its nomenclature.

The vertebral column is not a column! Nor is it designed to function as such! In fact, it is a vertebral bridge and is designed to function as such.

Like it or not, serious study of human anatomy makes it painfully obvious that we are not physically designed to walk as completely vertical and upright as we presently do. Based on the anatomical structure of the human vertebral column, the anatomical structure of our musculature, the manner of physiology in which our organs are attached to and hang from our vertebral column, it is undeniable that we are anatomically designed to be knuckle draggers.

Our spines are a heritage from distant ancestors, men who carried themselves at a significantly greater horizontal angle. Our spine is structurally designed to function like a flexible suspension bridge in support and protection of internal organs, joints, musculature, nerves, and other tissue. Over time, human behavior has forced our spine to function as a weight bearing column, placing it under great stress that's likely to cause eventual back injury and pain.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF AN ARCHED VERTEBRAL BRIDGE

The structural arch features prominently in architectural bridge designs and with good reason. Its semicircular structure elegantly distributes (redirects) pressure (force) through its entire structural form and diverts that pressure (force) onto its abutments (legs), which are the components (columns) of the bridge that directly transfer pressure (force) to the foundation (earth). Pressure (force) on the structure of an arch bridge itself is virtually negligible. The natural geometric curve of the arch itself causes pressure (force) to dissipate (redirect). This greatly reduces the effects of pressure (force) on both exterior (posterior) and interior (anterior) surfaces of the structure (arch bridge) itself. In a naturally relaxed state, our spine forms the anatomically correct form and function of an arched vertebral bridge.

DIAGRAM OF SUPREME ULTIMATE

The diagram of supreme ultimate (太極 圖 - taiji tu) is a symbolic representation for the principle of seemingly opposing forces acting harmoniously in relation to the function of any unified system. Additionally, it is intended to illustrate the illusion of duality. The object being to understand that all things possess a dual nature. This dual nature manifests itself as polar extremes. These polar extremes are represented by yin and yang.

DUAL NATURE OF THE STRUCTURAL ARCH

The concave interior (anterior) structure of the arch is yin in nature and designed to receive pressure (force). The convex exterior (posterior) structure of the arch is yang in nature and designed to repel pressure (force). A profound understanding of these principles clearly confirms the correct logic of implementing an anatomically correct alignment of an anterior concave vertebral bridge as the proper physical structure in order to manage incoming pressure from any external source and in order to generate internal pressure intended to be applied to any external structure.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FETAL POSITION

To further illustrate the structure and function of an arched vertebral bridge, study the structure of the fetal position. It is clearly designed as a natural and anatomically correct structure for protective defense. The anatomically correct convex posterior surface of the vertebral bridge is positioned toward the external environment to repel incoming pressure. Simultaneously, the anatomically correct concave anterior surface of the vertebral bridge is positioned toward the internal environment to receive incoming pressure. Notice the protective positioning of cranium, eyes, nose, mandible, esophagus, shoulders, thorax, elbows, abdomen, internal organs, and pelvis.

Regardless of positioning of the legs and feet, regardless of orientation, standing upright, inverted upside down, or laying down, the principles hold true. That is precisely what determines the validity of a principle. It is universally true regardless of circumstance.

CONCLUSION

With a profound understanding concerning the fundamental structure and function of the anatomically correct alignment of our spine, we can proceed toward understanding the arched vertebral bridge principle and learning how to correctly implement this principle in the execution of establishing proper physical structure.

ARCHED VERTEBRAL BRIDGE (AVB)

THE ANATOMICALLY CORRECT ARCHED VERTEBRAL BRIDGE PRINCIPLE

Generally, humans do not stand completely straight. Doing so is unnatural, uncomfortable, and anatomically incorrect. When we stand completely straight, it forces our vertebrae to misalign. Misalignment forces our vertebrae to incorrectly function as a column. Forcing our vertebrae to incorrectly function as a column results in a multitude of physiological problems.

It's absolutely imperative to note the thoracic and sacral curves are the result of natural anatomical design! They are present in fetal development. The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory and develop after birth! This means that concave curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior is the result of natural anatomically correct structural design! Conversely, convex curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior is the result of developmental pathology!

The most common error among practitioners of various martial arts is an assumption that to achieve anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column results in flattening out, both convex and concave, curvatures into a straight vertical line. While this certainly yields significant improvement of structural integrity by eliminating the pathological convex curvature of the human vertebral column to the anterior, it is not anatomically correct. Straightening the spine may be considered correct posture socially or culturally, but it is incorrect anatomically. Anatomically correct alignment of the human vertebral column creates a general concave curvature to the anterior!

We must not be deceived by its nomenclature. The vertebral column is not a column! Nor is it designed to function as such! In fact, it is a vertebral bridge and is designed to function as such. Our spine is structurally designed to function like a flexible suspension bridge in support and protection of internal organs, joints, musculature, nerves, and other tissue.

By eliminating only the two developmentally pathological convex curvatures of the cervical and lumber vertebrae, the human vertebral column creates a general concave arc from cranium to coccyx. In a naturally relaxed state, our spine forms the anatomically correct form and function of an arched vertebral bridge. Anatomically correct alignment of an anterior concave vertebral bridge is the proper physical structure to manage incoming pressure from any external source and to generate internal pressure intended to be applied to any external structure. The arched vertebral bridge is clearly designed as a natural and anatomically correct structure for protective defense.

CONCLUSION

With a profound understanding concerning this fundamental principle of the arched vertebral bridge, we can proceed toward learning how to correctly implement this principle in the execution of establishing proper physical structure. However, first we must have a fundamental understanding of the centerline principle and how it relates to proper physical structure, gravity, and balance.

CENTERLINE PRINCIPLE

UNDERSTANDING THE CENTERLINE

A fundamental knowledge of human anatomy is the key to any profound understanding of the centerline principle. First, we must understand the human body is three dimensional. In geometry, these dimensions are height, length, and width. In physics, any specific location in three dimensional space is ploted on an X-axis, a Y-axis, and a Z-axis. In human anatomy, these dimensions are designated as the coronal plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane.

The centerline is located at the intersections of the coronal plane (X-axis/height) and sagittal plane (Y-axis/length). This line of intersection is designated as craniocaudal axis along the transverse plane (Z-axis/width). This craniocaudal axis is the centerline. It is imperative to understand this centerline runs through the human body internally. It precise location is represented by the plumb line hanging from each of the hooks in this chart of the human skeletal system.

ANATOMICAL CENTER OF GRAVITY

The precise point of xia dantian is located on
the craniocaudal axis at the intersection of
the coronal plane (X-axis/height), the 
sagittal plane (Y-axis/length), and the
transverse plane (Z-axis/width).

Study the chart above carefully. Take special notice of our anatomical center of gravity. It is located near the center of the pelvis just above the point at which the femur joins to the pelvis. This anatomical center of gravity is designated as "xia dantian" (下 丹田) in Classical Chinese Martial Arts. The precise point of the xia dantian is located on the craniocaudal axis at the intersection of the coronal plane (X-axis/height), the sagittal plane (Y-axis/length), and the transverse plane (Z-axis/width).

The gravitational force of the earth is constantly pulling on this central point, which is located on the centerline. If we stand perfectly straight, gravity enters the body on this centerline through the perineum approximately two inches behind the scrotum and approximately two inches in front of the anus. Typically, gravity travels along the centerline through the abdomen and thorax until it exits the body at C7 (the seventh cervical vertebra). Depending on the position of our cranium in relation to C7, this line of gravity may or may not re-enter near the base of the skull and exit near the apex of the skull.

A cursory study of the chart above does not seem to illustrate this fact very clearly. However, it is noted on the chart. This is because, in a more relaxed and natural position, the vertebral column is more severely curved than represented in the chart above. In reality, humans tend to stand in a more natural and relaxed position. Humans almost never stand completely straight.

PROPER BALANCE

The only way we can maintain perfect balance is to properly align C7, the xia dantian, and the center of our heel (slightly behind the ankle joint). These three points must be positioned directly on the centerline of the coronal plane. This proper alignment produces natural equilibrium. Such alignment correctly uses the structural framework of the human skeletal system to balance the force created by the pressure of gravity pulling on our body mass. A profound understanding of this is the secret to establishing and maintaining proper physical structure and balance.

CONCLUSION

With a profound understanding concerning this fundamental principle of the centerline, how it relates to proper physical structure, gravity, and balance, we can proceed toward learning how to physically implement anatomically correct alignment of an arched vertebral bridge in relation to the centerline. However before we explore the application of a new skill, it would be wise to address the difficulty of learning a new skill and overcoming such diffuculty.

MASTERY OF NEW SKILLS

MASTERY OF NEW PHYSICAL SKILLS

Typically, difficulty in learning to master a new physical skill arises from using our conscious thought to force our body into some precise and unfamiliar position or movement. We use thought in an attempt to control our musculature in an effort to force our structural framework to move in some precise manner. This is the entire root of the problem.

How many times have we heard a teacher instruct the student, "Relax. You're trying too hard. Let it come naturally."? The genuine message is to relax the the body and calm the mind. Cease focusing thought and attention on the attempt to control and force movement or technical form. Simply allow the body perform the movement without interference of willful thought from the conscious mind. The body knows how to move, if we just let it. Have faith and trust in that.

When we finally manage to let go of mental control, we stop trying to force artificial and unnatural execution of movement. We get out of our own way and let the body naturally and automatically do that which it already knows how to do. We stop trying and begin doing. Rather than forcing it to happen, we effortlessly allow it to happen.

WUWEI

In Daoist philosophy, this principle is commonly known as "wuwei" (無為). Wuwei expresses the concept of non-interference. The idea is to naturally perform "action without effort, control, or force", or "effortless doing". The goal being to naturally accomplish every task without struggle, conflict, excessive effort, or unnecessary willful interference.

WILL AND INTENT

The key to implementing this principle is a profound understanding of the application of our will through conscious intent which causes the physical action to occur. We express our will by simply holding in our mind conscious intent. It is our intent to accomplish some specific goal or perform some precise movement. Intent is the only thought we need to hold, nothing more.

EFFORTLESS ACTION

At this point our body will naturally perform whatever movement is necessary to accomplish the goal of our intent and thereby physically manifests our will through action. The body knows how to move naturally, efficiently, effectively, and effortlessly. Simply get out of the way and allow it to do so.

Our body requires only the instruction of intent, nothing more. Our body does not require precise, detailed, step-by-step instructions. Our body does not need to be micromanaged by conscious control in order to function naturally and properly.

CONCLUSION

A profound understanding of wuwei is imperative to achieving proper physical structure and movement. Furthermore, it is the foundation of proper mental structure. In fact, wuwei embodies the complete fundamental core principles of our ultimate goal. It is the key to unlocking the mystery of precisely how a physically insubstantial person can effortlessly defeat a physically substantial adversary.

In the next step on our journey of discovery, we shall learn to apply the principle of an anatomically correct arched vertebral bridge to our physical structure. Then we shall explore methods of testing and correcting any defect in our execution of that structure.

AVB APPLICATION

HOW TO ESTABLISH A PROPER ARCHED VERTEBRAL BRIDGE

The primary goal of this exercise is to establish structural integrity by achieving proper anatomical alignment, which results in opening the vertebral joints providing the greatest possible flexibility and mobility required for efficient, effective, and nearly effortless movement, in order to redirect, balance, or generate a massive amount of force at will. To accomplish this goal we should focus on:

• relaxing the spinal column to form a proper arched vertebral bridge,
• eliminating unnecessary muscle tension,
• eliminating unnecessary pressure on vertebrae,
• eliminating unnecessary pressure on intervertebral discs.

THE 10 STEP METHOD FOR NOVICE PRACTITIONERS

This is a step-by-step method for the complete novice. It utilizes a general starting position that should allow us to comfortably establish the proper arched vertebral bridge. With a little experimentation and practice, we should quickly develop a "feel" for it. Proper physical structure will simply "feel" right. Typically, if it doesn't feel right, we're doing something wrong. Once we learn to establish a proper arched vertebral bridge, we can utilize the much more expedient and effective advanced method.

Take special note that our starting position, the position of our legs and feet (stance), is precisely that. It's simply a place to begin this particular exercise. It is not intended for use in actual combat. Remember, at this point we are focusing solely on learning to establish a feel for the proper arched vertebral bridge.

1. Place feet parallel to each other.

• Distance should measure approximately one shoulder width from the outside edge (blade) of the right foot to outside edge (blade) of the left foot.
• Shoulder width is not the measurement of distance between the instep of each foot.
• The correct measurement places the feet directly underneath the shoulders.
• Soles of the feet should be flat as possible.
• Do not lift the heels, toes, or balls of the feet.
• Weight should be distributed evenly to both feet.

2. Stand up straight as possible.

• Toes, knees, hips, shoulders, and eyes should all face forward.

3. Relax the knee joints.

• Knee joints should not be locked out to the posterior.
• Knee joints should not bend any farther to the anterior than is comfortable or absolutely necessary.

4. Coordinate respiration with movement.

• Inhale deeply utilizing the diaphragm, filling our lungs with air.
• This should create pressure on the internal organs, causing the abdomen distend.
• Exhale slowly while executing step 5, allowing tension to flow out of our body.
• A profound understanding of coordinating our breathing with physical movement of our body is imperative. This subject will be discussed, in detail, later. At this point, it is only important that we understand the act of breathing itself causes physical movement of the body and this movement must be coordinated properly with any other physical movement that occurs simultaneously.

5. Rotate the pelvis upward by relaxing the lumbar muscles. (Lumbar Slouch)

• Do not contract the gluteus maximus muscles to perform this pelvic rotation. This is not a pelvic thrust. We may call it a pelvic tuck or pelvic tilt, if we prefer. Nevertheless, it is a rotation of the pelvis resulting in an angular alteration between the hip joints (the point at which the femurs join to the pelvis) and the sacrum.

• The primary goal of this step is to eliminate the pathological convex curvature of the lumbar vertebrae. This relaxes the posterior lumbar muscles attached to the lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx. This causes the joints between each individual lumbar vertebra to open providing greater structural integrity, flexibility, and mobility. Additionally, it compresses the muscles of the lower abdomen, protecting our internal organs without causing those muscles to contract.

• Consequently, this will alter the alignment of the lumbar vertebrae and angle of the pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx. Altering the angles of these structures raises the pelvic floor. This has the added benefit of creating a supportive shelf for the internal organs to rest upon, essentially creating a structural foundation for our internal organs.

Angle of pelvic "bowl" before
pelvic rotation

Angle of pelvic "bowl" after
pelvic rotation

• A close examination of the pelvis, reveals that it's shaped like a bowl. However, that bowl is resting on its side with the top edge of the rim facing the anterior. This has the effect of dumping our guts out the front of our abdomen. Resultantly, all our internal organs hang from our spine. This creates unnecessary compressive pressure on our vertebrae and intervertebral discs.

• By rotating the pelvis upward and changing the angle, we are attempting to set the bowl upright. This helps to keep our guts inside the bowl. This eliminates unnecessary compressive pressure on our vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Consequently, it eliminates unnecessary pressure and tension on our anterior abdominal muscle tissue. Furthermore, proper pelvic rotation will cause the knee joints to bend slightly and prevent the possibility of locking out our knee joints. That is to say, it's not possible without breaking our anatomically correct structure.

• Additionally, this changes the angle at which gravity enters the body along the centerline to the xia dantian. Without this pelvic rotation, gravity enters the body on the centerline through the perineum approximately halfway between the scrotum and anus. With this pelvic rotation and depending on our flexibility, gravity enters the body on the centerline directly in front of the anus.

• When executed correctly, this pelvic rotation should position the xia dantian directly above the center of the heels slightly behind the ankle joint on the centerline along the coronal plane. If we find this is not the case, this alignment should be accomplished by relaxing the ankle joints to the anterior or posterior as necessary, not by increased bending of the knee joints. This is the first step in transferring the entire weight of our body mass to the center of our heels slightly behind the ankle joint. Consequently, this is the first step in anchoring our structural framework to the foundation (earth).

6. Coordinate respiration with movement.

• Inhale deeply utilizing the diaphragm, filling our lungs with air.
• This should create pressure on the internal organs, causing the abdomen distend.
• Exhale slowly while executing step 7, allowing tension to flow out of our body.
• A profound understanding of coordinating our breathing with physical movement of our body is imperative. This subject will be discussed, in detail, later. At this point, it is only important that we understand the act of breathing itself causes physical movement of the body and this movement must be coordinated properly with any other physical movement that occurs simultaneously.

7. Relax the thoracic and shoulder muscles allowing the shoulders to drop downward and roll forward. (Thoracic Slouch)

• The primary goal of this step is to relax the posterior thoracic muscles attached to the thoracic vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, and shoulder joints. This causes the individual joints between these skeletal structures to open, providing greater structural integrity, flexibility, and mobility.

• Additionally, it compresses the muscles of the upper abdomen, protecting our internal organs without causing those muscles to contract. At this point, our shoulders should form a concave arch. From shoulder to shoulder and groin to chin, it should appear as if we are hugging a beach ball and conforming our body to that spherical shape.

• Consequently, the entire weight of our body mass, above the hip joints (the point at which the femurs join to the pelvis), has been transferred to our pelvic "bowl". All our internal organs, except those in our cranium, are resting on and are supported by the pelvic floor. Now, these internal organs are no longer hanging from the spine and causing unnecessary pressure on our vertebrae or intervertebral discs.

• Executed correctly, this should position C7 (the seventh cervical vertebra) directly on the centerline. Now, both C7 and the xia dantian should be directly above the center of the heels slightly behind the ankle joint along the coronal plane. This is the second step in transferring the entire weight of our body mass to the center of our heels slightly behind the ankle joint. Consequently, this is the second step in anchoring our structural framework to the foundation (earth).

8. Coordinate respiration with movement.

• Inhale deeply utilizing the diaphragm, filling our lungs with air.
• This should create pressure on the internal organs, causing the abdomen distend.
• Exhale slowly while executing step 9, allowing tension to flow out of our body.
• A profound understanding of coordinating our breathing with physical movement of our body is imperative. This subject will be discussed, in detail, later. At this point, it is only important that we understand the act of breathing itself causes physical movement of the body and this movement must be coordinated properly with any other physical movement that occurs simultaneously.

9. Relax the cervical muscles, allowing the cranium to drop downward until the mandible rests on the sternum. (Cervical Slouch)

• The primary goal of this step is to eliminate the pathological convex curvature of the cervical vertebrae. This relaxes the posterior cervical muscles attached to the cervical vertebrae and cranium. This causes the joints between each individual cervical vertebra to open providing greater structural integrity, flexibility, and mobility. Additionally, it compresses the muscles of the anterior cervical region, protecting the organs of our throat and head without causing any cervical muscles to contract.

10. Lift the cranium as little as possible to acquire a comfortable position.

• The primary goal of this step is to lift our cranium just enough to be comfortable and provide an adequate range of vision, while maintaining proper protective positioning of our eyes, nose, mandible, and esophagus.

• Ideally, the mandible should lift approximately two to four inches from our sternum.

OVERVIEW

Essentially, we're performing an abdominal crunch (or a sit up, if we prefer) while in a standing position. Although, we are not contracting our abdominal muscles to accomplish the task. Rather, we're relaxing all the posterior muscles from our cranium to coccyx. To grossly over simplify, we're actually just slouching. However, it must be an anatomically correct slouch of the whole spine from cranium to coccyx.

If we've executed the arched vertebral bridge correctly, we should feel the weight of our upper body mass resting on the pelvic floor. By transferring that weight through our legs and heels to the earth, it should feel as though we're sitting on our heels and rooted to the earth. This is achieved by proper alignment of C7, the xia dantian, and the center of our heel (slightly behind the ankle joint) directly on the centerline of the coronal plane. Such alignment is accomplished by relaxing the ankle joints to the anterior or posterior as necessary, not by increased bending of the knee joints.

At this point, we should be extremely relaxed. There should be virtually no muscle tension anywhere in our entire body. Our muscles and joints should feel loose, open, free, flexible, and mobile. Consequently, movement should be comparatively unrestricted, smooth, flowing, and effortless.

This is the genuine meaning behind the concept of sinking qi (氣) to the stomach, at least on a purely physical level. We're establishing a physical structure that effortlessly transfers the weight of our body mass to the xia dantian. From that point, the weight of our body mass and any additional force applied to our body is effortlessly distributed through our legs to the earth.

CONCLUSION

Once we believe that we've achieved a properly arched vertebral bridge, we can progress to the next phase. At this point, it becomes necessary to experiment and test the integrity of our structure. We must make certain our structure is correct.

AVB TESTING

TESTING THE STRUCTURE OF AN ARCHED VERTEBRAL BRIDGE

Once we believe that we've achieved a properly arched vertebral bridge, it's necessary to experiment and test the integrity of the structure. We must make certain our structure is correct. Let's begin by casually walking around with our spine in this position. If the structure is correct, this should be a simple, comfortable, and relatively effortless task. In fact, it should be no more difficult than walking in the usual manner.

PHASE I

When we fist begin to casually walk about with a properly arched vertebral bridge, we may feel very heavy on our feet, tension in our thigh muscles, stress on our knee or ankle joints. This occurs because movement alters the internal structural framework of our legs. At this point, we're learning about proper movement while maintaining proper structure.

We must make adjustments to the way we move. We must eliminate any muscular tension in our lower limbs and stress on our joints. The primary goal of this exercise is to maintain relaxation while executing movement. Remember if it doesn't feel right, we're probably doing something wrong. When we get it right, we know it because we feel it.

As we move, we should remain extremely relaxed. There should be virtually no muscle tension anywhere in our entire body. Our muscles and joints should feel loose, open, free, soft, pliable, flexible, and mobile. Consequently, movement should be unrestricted, smooth, flowing, and effortless.

Whether we realize it or not, we're actually learning about anatomically correct natural structure, movement, balance, stances, weight distribution, weight transfer, transitioning, stepping, and footwork. By simply walking about in a relaxed and effortless manner while maintaining a properly arched vertebral bridge, we are actually training. This is the sole purpose of genuine physical training in relation to the martial arts at this stage.

PHASE II

Once we're comfortable moving casually about in this manner, we can progress to the next phase. In this second phase, we should continue experimentation and observation by applying pressure to the structure. We can lightly press, push, or strike a relatively solid and stable object.

Observe how the pressure affects the spine. Through such experimentation, we can learn how to feel pressure move through the structural arch to the columns and into the foundation. Subsequently, we can make minor adjustments until we learn to get the structure right. Then we can increase the level of pressure until we're certain that our structure is correct.

While experimentation and correction may be difficult for an absolute novice to learn completely on his own, it should come quickly and easily to any practitioner with prior combat training or experience. Of course, our level of success depends greatly on the acuity of our sensitivity to feel how pressure affects the structural integrity of our arched vertebral bridge and our ability to correct any defects in our structure. Nevertheless, development of our sensitivity to pressure and its affects on the structural integrity of our internal physical framework is the fundamental first step to learning how we must utilize our physical structure to manage pressure efficiently, effectively, and effortlessly.

This is the sole purpose of genuine physical training in relation to the martial arts at this stage. We are training our mind and body to gain awareness and sensitivity in order to feel how pressure affects the structural integrity of our body. We are learning the nature of structure, pressure, force, how these things interact, and how to properly manage each of these.

PHASE III

Once we believe that we've achieved a properly arched vertebral bridge and we're certain our structure is correct, we can progress to the next phase. In this third phase, we should return to and repeat the first phase.

CONCLUSION

Once we've achieved a properly arched vertebral bridge, tested the integrity of our structure, and confirmed that our structure is correct, we can progress to the next step on our journey of discovery. At this point. it would be wise to address the profound importance of breath control and coordination of our breathing with physical movement.

ADVANCED BREATH CONTROL

CONTROL AND COORDINATION OF BREATHING

The ability to properly control and coordinate breathing with movement is considered to be a high level skill in Classical Chinese Martial Arts. Often, the importance of learning this high level skill is either not properly taught or neglected all together. Generally, this arises from a lack of genuine knowledge and comprehension of purpose, function, and application.

Physiologically, breathing properly is imperative for a myriad reasons. At this point and for the purpose of this exposition, the three most important functions of breath control and coordination are to facilitate proper:

• energy production
• physical movement
• mental structure

BREATHING AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

As a whole, our body functions as a massive biochemical and bioelectric generator. Our bodies literally generate energy. This production of energy occurs as the result of biochemistry on a molecular level.

The human body is composed primarily of individual cells. There are approximately 37.2 trillion cells in the human body. Nearly every single cell contains organelles called mitochondria. The precise number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by tissue and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than two thousand.

These mitochondria function as biochemical reactors. Mitochondria utilize chemistry on a molecular scale to produce energy. This process is called cellular respiration.

The chemical process of producing energy is accomplished by oxidizing the major products of glucose (pyruvate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrite). This process requires a specific type of cellular respiration known as aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is dependent on the presence of oxygen.

Simply stated, nearly all the cells of our body are breathing. It is imperative for our cells to breathe oxygen in order to simply survive. It is imperative for our cells to breathe oxygen in order to function properly. It is imperative for our cells to breathe oxygen in order to produce energy.

Interestingly, the earliest logogram for qi (氣) consisted of three wavy lines (三) and represented one's breath as seen on a cold day. A later version of the logogram for qi (气), identical to the present-day simplified logogram, emerged as a stylized version of those same three lines. Early writers of Chinese combined this stylized version of qi (气) with the logogram for rice(米). So, breath (气 ) combined with rice (米), to form vital breath energy (氣) or vital energy arising from the combination of breath and rice.

Is it possible that ancient Chinese understood our body extracts glucose from the food we eat, breaks it down, and combines it with oxygen to produce energy? Perhaps they didn't possess all the specific technical details, but it seems possible they possessed some conceptual understanding that food and air combine to produce energy.

FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The primary function of our respiratory system is to transport oxygen (fuel) from the atmosphere (external environment) to our circulatory system (internal environment). The secondary function of our respiratory system is to transport carbon dioxide (the waste product of burned fuel) from the circulatory system (internal environment) to the atmosphere (external environment). The precise point for this exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries of the circulatory system.

FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The primary function of our circulatory system is to transport oxygen (fuel) from our respiratory system to all the individual cells in our body. The secondary function of our circulatory system is to transport carbon dioxide (the waste product of burned fuel) from all the individual cells in our body to the respiratory system. The actual transportation is accomplished by our red blood cells as they circulate through our body as a result of the cardiac cycle.

RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY INTEGRATED INTERACTION

The respiratory and circulatory systems are anatomically and physiologically interdependent. Coordination of the integrated interaction between these interdependent systems is an an autonomic function of the brain. This occurs without the need for or intervention by conscious thought.

Our breathing rate directly affects our heart rate. Conversely, our heart rate directly affects our breathing rate. To maintain homeostasis, any change in one autonomically causes a directly proportional change in the other.

• If we consciously increase our breathing rate, our heart rate automatically increases to maintain homeostasis between the respiratory and circulatory systems. This causes blood to flow more rapidly, delivering more oxygen to our cells.

• If we consciously decrease our breathing rate, our heart rate automatically decreases to maintain homeostasis between the respiratory and circulatory systems. This causes blood to flow less rapidly, delivering less oxygen to our cells.

Alternatively:

• An increased heart rate autonomically increases breathing rate to maintain homeostasis between the respiratory and circulatory systems. This causes blood to flow more rapidly, delivering more oxygen to our cells.

• A decreased heart rate autonomically decreases breathing rate to maintain homeostasis between the respiratory and circulatory systems. This causes blood to flow less rapidly, delivering less oxygen to our cells.

BREATHING AND PHYSICAL MOVEMENT

Physical activity or movement requires energy. This energy is produced by our cells. The harder cells work, the more energy they consume to perform that work. The more energy cells consume, the more they must produce.

Additionally, any increase in the speed at which cells work requires a directly proportional increase in the rapidity at which cells must produce energy. The difference being the amount of energy production versus the pace at which any given amount of energy is produced. The harder and faster cells work, the more energy they must produce at a faster pace.

Due to the nature and function of cellular respiration (the biochemical process of cellular energy production), increased cellular production of energy requires an increased supply of oxygen. Therefore, any increase in physical activity or movement autonomically causes an increased heart rate. Any increase of our heart rate autonomically increases our breathing rate to maintain homeostasis between the respiratory and circulatory systems. This causes blood to flow more rapidly, delivering more oxygen to our cells.

COORDINATION OF BREATHING AND PHYSICAL MOVEMENT

Incorrect control or coordination of breathing hinders proper physical movement. It is important that we understand the act of breathing itself causes physical movement of the body, musculature, internal organs, and structural framework. Such movement results in the gentle massaging of the internal organs, by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles during the execution of the breathing cycle, causing increased blood flow to these internal organs. Increased blood flow results in increased oxygen supply. Increased oxygen supply results in an increased production of cellular energy.

The movement of our musculature and structural framework caused by breathing must be coordinated properly with any other physical movement that occurs simultaneously. We must integrate the act of breathing itself with any other simultaneous movement. This way all physical movement and the physical movement of breathing itself, essentially, becomes one harmonious movement. To function effectively, efficiently, and effortlessly, all the parts of our body must function harmoniously and act in unity as one unified whole.

BREATHING AND PROPER MENTAL STRUCTURE

The importance of proper mental structure will be addressed, in detail, later. At this point, it is important for us to understand that correct methods of breathing are fundamental to establishing and maintaining both proper physical and mental structure. Physiologically, the importance of maintaining an adequate supply of oxygen to the brain should be obvious.

Our brain tissue consists of specific cells called neurons. Each of these cells require oxygen to function properly. If neurons are deprived of oxygen, they begin to function slower and eventually begin to shutdown. This affects not only our ability process information, evaluate options, and make decisions, but our ability to physically act or react as well. As brain function slows or shuts down, so does function of mind and body.

CONCLUSION 

Again, we return to the taiji tu. The diagram of supreme ultimate (太極 圖 - taiji tu) is a symbolic representation for the principle of seemingly opposing forces acting harmoniously in relation to the function of any unified system. Additionally, it is intended to illustrate the illusion of duality. The object being to understand that all things possess a dual nature. This dual nature manifests itself as polar extremes. These polar extremes are represented by yin and yang.

Nothing is wholly yin and nothing is wholly yang, because yin and yang are not two fundamentally different entities. They are polar extremes of a single entity. Hot and cold are both degrees of temperature. It is only our perception of the dual nature (polar extremes) of temperature that creates the intellectual construct of two categories of temperature: hot and cold. We perceive the manifestation of temperature's dual nature as hot or cold (polar extremes). Only by understanding the illusion of duality do we begin to understand there is only temperature. Polar opposites are thus unified to function harmoniously within a single system.

Internal structure and external structure, physical structure and mental structure, internal movement and external movement, physical movement and mental movement, even structure and movement themselves, these are not fundamentally separate entities. They are manifestations of the same thing. It is only our perception of these things that creates division. We must correct our perception to comprehend the truth of unity.

We perceive breathing as internal movement. We perceive movement of our limbs as external movement. In fact, they are both the result of internal movement. More simply, they are both movement. Every movement, regardless of its nature (internal or external), must coordinate (unify) with all other simultaneous movement. To function effectively and efficiently, all the parts of our body must function harmoniously and act in unity as one unified whole.

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"Everything is permeated with a single movement of breath. Breath unites with movement. Before the hand strikes, comes the vital breath energy. Breath controls the blood and the blood gives birth to the vital energy. It is transferred through the blood and is the base of courage and strength.

When breath comes, vital energy comes. 
When the breath is controlled, the blood moves freely. 
When the blood moves freely, the blood is healthy and swift.
When the blood is healthy and swift, the vital energy is strong and fast. 

Accumulate the breath to accumulate energy. 
Release the vital energy to make an effort.
To make an effort, release the breath.
Release the breath to release the vital energy.

Breath is vital energy of the highest value. Breath makes man energetic and his movements natural. It permeates the four extremities and impregnates all joints of the body. Food and water moisten skin and muscles, but only vital breath energy makes the body strong. The great secret to the art lies in the unity of movement and breath."

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